Braidwood Visiting Scholar Lecture
Ian Hodder, Stanford University, Director of the Catalhoyuk Archaeological Project

Created by Plato as a antagonistic rival to his idealistic interpretation of "Ancient Athens", his portrait of Atlantis is nevertheless incredibly detailed - describing the history of the island, its geography, and finally the people who counted the doomed paradise their home before they met their end beneath the waves.

In this episode the History of the World Podcast leads us through a heavily complex and complicated subject involving the Indo-European origin of many of the languages that we have today and the migrations that occurred early in our human history as humans and their evolving languages spread out across the globe, in many ways connected and in many ways different. Enjoy!

7000 BCE onwards - Proto-Indo-Europeans are believed to have spoken a language ancestral to over four hundred languages of the modern world. Why do we believe this when there is no firm evidence of a Proto-Indo-European language though?

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The Cyrus Cylinder is one of the most famous objects to have survived from the ancient world. It was inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform on the orders of Persian King Cyrus the Great (559-530 BC) after he captured Babylon in 539 BC.

The cylinder is often referred to as the first bill of human rights as it appears to encourage freedom of worship throughout the Persian Empire and to allow deported people to return to their homelands. It was found in Babylon in modern Iraq in 1879 during a British Museum excavation.

In this episode Chris from the History of the World Podcast takes us back into the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age and guides us through the origin and creation of ancient Mesopotamian Civilization, Culture, Societal Structure, and so much more.

From hunter gatherers, to villages, to towns and of course to cities.

I hope that you all enjoy this as much as I did.

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Mind-blowing information of ancient Turkey, The forgotten Civilization of Göbekli Tepe.
One of the oldest discoveries of civilization on earth.

Compiled for educational purposes only.

Talk by Martin W. Lewis on October 27, 2013 at the Oakmont Sunday Symposium. Historical linguistics, along with archeology and genetics, provide one of the main windows into the deeper reaches of the human past. This allows us to partially reconstruct the historical processes and geographical patterns found in times and places without written records. The most important—and most abused—issue in historical linguistics is the origins and spread of Indo-European, by far the world's largest language family. Dr. Martin Lewis, a senior lecturer in the Department of History at Stanford University, discusses the archaeological and linguistics approaches that allow us to understand the first "Indo-Europeans" for what they really were."

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language:
How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes
Shaped the Modern World

Part 4

The First Farmers

An exploration of the revolutionary period of prehistory that began when humans abandoned the nomadic hunting and gathering existence they had known.

More than 3,000 years ago a mysterious civilization rose from nothing, created an unstoppable army and built an empire that rivaled Egypt and Babylon. Yet, just as it was at the height of its powers, the great empire suddenly vanished from history.This is the story of the formidable Hittites, a civilization bent on world domination. Their long-lost capital, Hattusha, which disappeared thousands of years ago, was recently rediscovered, and archaeologists have unearthed one of the most astonishing and ingenious cities of the ancient world, featuring rings of impenetrable walls, secret tunnels, temples, palaces and a vast pyramid-like structure facing Egypt. Buried in this lost city is one of the greatest libraries of the ancient world. All the secrets of the mysterious Hittite empire were written in two codes - one a unique form of hieroglyphs. Using these deciphered texts, this film recreates the ancient world of the Hittites, telling the story of what happened to them, and what caused an empire built to last forever to vanish so completely from history

The city of Pavlopetri, underwater off the coast of southern Laconia in Peloponnese, Greece, is about 5,000 years old, and is the oldest submerged archeological town site. It is unique in having an almost complete town plan, including streets, buildings, and tombs. It was discovered in 1967 by Nicholas Flemming and mapped in 1968 by a team of archaeologists from Cambridge. The name Pavlopetri (\"Paul\'s and Peter\'s\", or \"Paul\'s stone\") is the modern name for the islet and beach, apparently named for the two Christian saints that are celebrated together; the ancient name or names are unknown.

MEHRGARH; WORLD'S OLDEST CITY 7000 BC

The oldest known civilization? Surely an exaggeration! Not so: the oldest excavated parts of Mehrgarh (which admittedly does not represent the High Summer of the Indus civilization but its long-lasting early Spring) have been dated to around 9,000 years before the present. By comparison, the earliest Egyptian pharaoh known by name, Nar'mer, is thought to have ruled in ancient Egypt around 5,100 years before the present. Mehrgarh was discovered and excavations begun by a French team led by Jean-François Jarrige; the site was excavated continuously between 1974 and 1986.Very few of us know about Mehrgarh near Bolan Pass Quetta - Balochistan.Mehrgarh is probably the oldest site with distinct proofs that it existed in 7OOO B.C and lived on farming of barley ,maize,wheat and dates . They also raised cattle. For over 9000 years, the city Mehrgarh one of the oldest, structured settlements ever discovered, the people who lived in Mehrgarh lived in the homes of the first stone in the world, increased barley first and worked the first goat and sheep. Mehrgarh historically marked the beginning of "Stone Age", otherwise known as the New Stone Age, "a very important step in our common history, marking the beginning of organized society.As excavations progress was more evidence, it seems, a big Mehgarh certification planned urban environment existed for thousands of years. Mehrgarh was equipped with a water supply, sanitation, markets, shops, hospitals, even in the first registered dentist in the world! But perhaps the most remarkable vision, dental hygiene aside, was presented to inventory, copper, old track in the world on the cutting edge of human ability to work metals.Suddenly, in relation to mankind is another area of human evolution, marked Mehrgarh people with their extraordinary innovations in the industry of our first transitional form in the "Stone Age" to "Bronze Age" or "Copper Age". As copper increasingly exposed and bronze objects from the city funds were also shown that the artisans Mehrgarh very skilled in the art, particularly sculpture and jewelry.Jewelry and metal casting work in excavation Mehrgarh proved beyond doubt that the people who were there far more advanced than any civilization for thousands of years lived. Terms of amazing foresight, were found in jewelers and metalworkers Mehrgarh devices such as drills, used stone and copper, rising ovens, stoves, sinks, and a melting pot of brass works from the merger Forge equipped workshops, a bit like a modern "work.During the excavation of ancient tombs have been in and around the walls, an abundance of ornaments and jewelry were justified. Tombs, the largest sums were spent on the artifacts people with complex products, such as figurines of bronze and terracotta women and animals, baskets, tools, beads, bracelets, pendants and necklaces. Most of the jewelry found precious stones such as lapis lazuli, carnelian, agate, turquoise, shells and pearls. These stones can not be in the region, which show that the artisans Mehrgarh talks over a large area with lapis lazuli and copper from the mountains of Afghanistan, agate and carnelian from Gujarat in India and shellfish, and pearls southern coast of Pakistan on the Arabian Peninsula, Wed The artifacts from Mehrgarh are far more advanced and developed as compared to those obtained from excavations in Turkey and Middle East especially Jericho.• The most unique discovery is the first known origin of the dental surgery and related medicinal activities exercised in Mehrgarh area. The discovery proves the great innovative mind and developmental level of those people about 9000 years ago.• Mehrgarh was also a centre of manufacture for various figurines and pottery that were distributed to surrounding regions. These products are of a high quality given the circumstances and the time they were fabricated.• No other civilisation in any other part of the world existed then; what to speak of a level of perfection in the art and craft elsewhere.

After he ascended the throne of Crete, Minos competed with his brothers to rule. Minos prayed to Poseidon to send him a snow-white bull, as a sign of support. He was to kill the bull to show honor to Poseidon but decided to keep it instead because of its beauty. He thought Poseidon would not care if he kept the white bull and sacrificed one of his own. To punish Minos, Aphrodite made Pasiphaë, Minos' wife, fall deeply in love with the bull from the sea, the Cretan Bull. Pasiphaë had the archetypal craftsman Daedalus make a hollow wooden cow, and climbed inside it in order to copulate with the white bull. The offspring of their coupling was the monstrous Minotaur. Pasiphaë nursed him in his infancy, but he grew and became ferocious; being the unnatural offspring of man and beast, he had no natural source of nourishment and thus devoured man for sustenance. Minos, after getting advice from the oracle at Delphi, had Daedalus construct a gigantic labyrinth to hold the Minotaur. Its location was near Minos' palace in Knossos. Nowhere has the essence of the myth been expressed more succinctly than in the Heroides attributed to Ovid, where Pasiphaë's daughter complains of the curse of her unrequited love: "the bull's form disguised the god, Pasiphaë, my mother, a victim of the deluded bull, brought forth in travail her reproach and burden." Literalist and prurient readings that emphasize the machinery of actual copulation may, perhaps intentionally, obscure the mystic marriage of the god in bull form, a Minoan mythos alien to the Greeks. The Minotaur is commonly represented in Classical art with the body of a man and the head and tail of a bull. One of the figurations assumed by the river god Achelous in wooing Deianira is as a man with the head of a bull, according to Sophocles' Trachiniai. From Classical times through the Renaissance, the Minotaur appears at the center of many depictions of the Labyrinth. Ovid's Latin account of the Minotaur, which did not elaborate on which half was bull and which half man, was the most widely available during the Middle Ages, and several later versions show the reverse of the Classical configuration, a man's head and torso on a bull's body, reminiscent of a centaur.

The Sea Peoples made a conspiracy in their islands. No land could stand before their arms: from Hatti, Qode, Carchemish, Arzawa and Alashiya on, being cut off at one time. A camp was set up in Amurru. They desolated its people, and its land was like that which has never come into being. They were coming forward toward Egypt, while the flame was prepared before them. Their confederation was the Peleset, Tjeker, Shekelesh, Denyen and Weshesh, lands united. They laid their hands upon the land as far as the circuit of the earth, their hearts confident and trusting: 'Our plans will succeed!' "

The Quest for the Phoenicians.

Hidden beneath Greek and Roman ruins across Mediterranean shores lies a civilization lost to history. The Phoenicians were people of the Levant, living in the Canaanite cities of the Old Testament and with a domain covering the eastern Mediterranean and beyond. From 1200 BCE to the razing of Carthage in 146 BCE, the Phoenicians spread ever westward. They were the true "lords of the sea," skilled and audacious seafarers, merchants and colonizers of the early Mediterranean world. Artwork shows their influence on the ancient world: drawings of pyramids, paintings of King Solomon's temple and Phoenician inscriptions. Egyptian Pharaohs bartered for their fine cedar, Persians enlisted their warships and soldiers. 

The Phoenician 22-letter alphabet, written without vowels, revolutionized language and diplomacy for their world - and ours. In fact, Phoenician language variant is still spoken in modern Israel, and their alphabet became the basis for modern European and Semitic alphabets. Yet, their civilization was doomed to obscurity. Their legacy lives on only in the propaganda of their Greek and Roman conquerors who described them as dishonest hucksters, not to be trusted. 'Jezebel' the shameless Biblical woman was in fact a Phoenician princess.

Stylized reconstruction scenes provide glimpses of ritual, rite and myth. But who were these intrepid, nomadic sailors? Leading our search for the answers are two eminent scientists supported by the National Geographic Society; deep-sea explorer Robert Ballard and geneticist Spencer Wells. Their quest takes us on adventures on the sea, within our genes and over land. The film climaxes with revolutionary new data suggesting that both the Christians and Muslims of Lebanon are in fact descendants of the Phoenicians.

Indo-European mummies in central Asia and China -
A branch of nomadic Indo-European people of the Indo-Germanic sub-group, related with Indo-European people, Germans, Celts, Iranians (Aryans), Greeks of Europe and Central Asia, called by Greeks as Tocharatoi, by Chinese and later Turko-Mongolian people as Ta-Yu-echi, Da-Xia, Da-Hia and Da-Shi (''Tajik'') were nomads in the Pontic and Central Asian´s steppes up to China and Mongolia. Earliest records of their existence goes back for 4000 years ago. Unlike most Indo-European languages, their language was an isolated one, though it belonged to the centum-100- branch, German, English, Dutch Frisian of the Indo-European languages, unlike the satem-100-branch, Iranic languages Abestan, Avestan, Sanscrit, Vedic, Sarkholi, Hindustani and Urdu. The first evidence of their language dates on the 8th century A.D when first religious books were written in the Tocharian language in all Central Asia, their native and original language beside Bactrian and Soghdian. However, they became famous under the name ''Kushan'' from the Guishang, modern Chinese province Gansu) and later again they were part of the larger Central Asian´s tribal confederation of the Hephthalites, a mixed ethos of Sogdians, Bactrians, Tocharians, Persians, Turks and Mongols, deadly warriors from large parts of Asia.

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language:
How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes
Shaped the Modern World

J. .P Mallory speaks on Indo-European Dispersals and the Eurasian Steppe at the Silk Road Symposium held at the Penn Museum held in March 2011.

Contacts between Europe and China that bridged the Eurasian steppe lands are part of a larger story of the dispersal of the Indo-European languages that were carried to Ireland (Celtic) in the west and the western frontiers of China (Tokharian, Iranian) in the east. Reviewing some of the problems of these expansions 15 years ago, the author suggested that it was convenient to discuss the expansions in terms of several fault lines -- the Dnieper, the Ural and Central Asia. The Dnieper is critical for resolving issues concerning the different models of Indo-European origins and more recent research forces us to reconsider the nature of the Dnieper as a cultural border.

Recent research has also suggested that we need to reconsider the eastern periphery of the Indo-European world and how it relates to its western neighbors.

J.P. Mallory is Professor of Prehistoric Archeology at Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language:
How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes
Shaped the Modern World

A visual introduction to the physical type of the early Finno-Ugrians in Europe, with loads of anthropological reconstructions of old Finno-Ugrian skulls. The early Finno-Ugrians of Seymino-Turbino, Comb Ceramic and Kunda culture were mostly of Uralic, Lappinoid and Cro-Magnoid facial types. In the Baltic Indo-European Boat Axe culture, Indo-European Nordics of R1a haplogroup mixed with Finno-Ugrians of haplogroup N and (probably originally also Finno-Ugrian speaking) upper-palaeolithic Brünn survivors of haplogroup I1, to produce the modern East Baltic facial type, which is common in todays Finland, Northern Russia and the Baltic states.

Anthropological reconstructions of Proto-Nordic skulls from Russia, originating from 8750-1600 BC. The first skull is a gracile(!) Proto-Nordic from 8750 BC from Peschanitsa, the second a robust one from 8300 BC from Popovo. The skulls and faces do not all appear in a chronological order though. The last pic shows a modern direct survivor of the facial type of the Yamna culture seen before.

Were the Solutrean people of stone age southern France one of the first inhabitants of North America?

The Solutrean hypothesis builds on similarities between the Solutrean industry and the later Clovis culture / Clovis points of North America, and suggests that people with Solutrean tool-technology crossed the Ice Age Atlantic by moving along the pack ice edge, using survival skills similar to those of modern Eskimo people. The migrants arrived in northeastern North America and served as the donor culture for what eventually developed into Clovis tool-making technology.

Archaeologists Dennis Stanford and Bruce Bradley suggest that the Clovis point derived from the points of the Solutrean culture of southern France (19,000 BP) through the Cactus Hill points of Virginia (16,000 BP) to the Clovis point. Stanford and Bradley also refer to other pre-Clovis finds in the Chesapeake Bay region of northeastern North America—such as the laurel-leaf Cinmar bifacial point—as possible links between Solutrean and Clovis lithic technology. The idea of a Clovis-Solutrean link remains controversial and does not enjoy wide acceptance. The hypothesis is challenged by large gaps in time between the Clovis and Solutrean eras, a lack of evidence of Solutrean seafaring, lack of specific Solutrean features and tools in Clovis technology, the difficulties of the route and other issues.

Stories From the Stone Age - 3 - Waves of Change

An exploration of the revolutionary period of prehistory that began when humans abandoned the nomadic hunting and gathering existence they had known for millennia to take up a completely new way of life the decisive move to farming and herding the ration of permanent settlements and the discovery of metals setting the stage for the arrival of the worlds first civilization.