The Seljuq dynasty, or Seljuqs was an Oghuz Turkic Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval Middle East and Central Asia. The Seljuqs established both the Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, ... The Great Seljuq Empire in 1092, upon the death of Malik Shah I.

Engineering An Empire: The Aztecs.

No one knows the origin of the Aztecs, it is possible that they might have been Ute, Shoshone or Paiute people, who may have originated in what is today California, migrating first to Arizona and New Mexico, picking up some culture and knowledge from the ancient Pueblo peoples before migrating to Mexico.

In less than 200 years the Aztec's transformed themselves from a band of wandering nomads to the greatest civilization the New World had ever known. What records remain of this amazing feat indicate they did it through brilliant military campaigns and by ingeniously applying technology to master the harsh environment they faced. They built their capital city where no city should have been possible: in the middle of a lake and at the time of the Spanish arrival, it's population was larger than any city in Europe over 250,000.. Mexico City was built on top of the ruins of the Aztec capital.

The Aztec also practiced human sacrifice on an unprecedented scale, mostly prisoners of war, and made many enemies because of this. By the time the Spanish landed they had no trouble recruiting thousands of Indian warriors from other Mexican tribes to help them destroy the Aztec Empire.

Watch with host Peter Weller as we examine the architecture and infrastructure behind the New World's greatest, and last, indigenous empire.

The Ottoman Empire was an empire founded by Oghuz Turks under Osman Bey in northwestern Anatolia in 1299. With the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II in 1453, the Ottoman state was transformed into an empire.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire, controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states.

With Constantinople as its capital and control of vast lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for over six centuries

The Turkish War of Independence (May 19, 1919 – July 24, 1923) was a war waged by Turkish nationalists against the Allies, after the country was occupied and partitioned following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I.

The Turkish National Movement in Anatolia culminated in the formation of a new Grand National Assembly by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. After the end of the Turkish-Armenian, Franco-Turkish, Greco-Turkish wars, the Treaty of Sèvres was abandoned and the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in July 1923. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey decided the establishment of a Republic in Turkey, which was declared on October 29, 1923.

With the establishment of the Turkish National Movement, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the abolition of the sultanate, the Ottoman era and the Empire came to an end, and with Atatürk's reforms, the Turks created the modern, secular nation-state of Turkey.

The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire, centered on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire to its inhabitants and neighbors, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. It is today distinguished from ancient Rome proper insofar as the Empire was oriented towards Greek culture, characterized by Christianity rather than Roman paganism, and predominantly Greek-speaking rather than Latin-speaking.

As the distinction between Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire is largely a modern convention, it is not possible to assign a date of separation, but an important point is Emperor Constantine I's transfer in 324 of the capital from Nicomedia to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, "City of Constantine". The Roman Empire was finally divided in 395 AD after the death of Emperor Theodosius I (r. 379–395), thus this date is also very important if the Byzantine Empire (or Eastern Roman Empire) is looked upon as completely separated from the West.

The Byzantine Empire existed for more than a thousand years, from the 4th century to 1453. During most of its existence, it remained one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe, despite setbacks and territorial losses, especially during the Roman-Persian and Byzantine-Arab Wars. The Empire recovered during the Macedonian dynasty, rising again to become a preeminent power in the Eastern Mediterranean by the late 10th century, rivaling the Fatimid Caliphate.

After 1071, however, much of Asia Minor, the Empire's heartland, was lost to the Seljuk Turks. The Komnenian restoration regained some ground and briefly reestablished dominance in the 12th century, but following the death of Andronikos I Komnenos and the end of the Komnenos dynasty in the late 12th century the Empire declined again. The Empire received a mortal blow in 1204 from the Fourth Crusade, when it was dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms.

Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261, under the Palaiologan emperors, Byzantium remained only one of many rival states in the area for the final 200 years of its existence. However, this period was the most culturally productive time in the Empire.

Successive civil wars in the 14th century further sapped the Empire's strength, and most of its remaining territories were lost in the Byzantine-Ottoman Wars, which culminated in the Fall of Constantinople and the conquest of remaining territories by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century.

The Mughals, Warrior Empire.

The Mughal Empire in South Asia mainly Afghanistan, North Eastern Pakistan, Northern India and Bangladesh. It ran from the early 15th century to a point in the early 18th century when the Mughal Emperors' power had dwindled. It ended in several generations of conflicts between rival warlords.

The imperial family directly descended from two of the worlds greatest conquerors: Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. The direct ancestors of the Mughal emperors, at one point or another, directly ruled from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan, and from the Middle East to the Russian Steppe. They also ruled some of the most powerful states of the medieval world such as Turkey, Persia, India and China.

One of the great Empires in the history The Mughals of India.with awesome wealth, power, technology and great architectural skills.